Marihuana. El punto de quiebre entre la salud pública y la decisión pública
Barra lateral del artículo
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La planta marihuana cuenta con más de 500 sustancias denominadas cannabinoides, de las cuales se ha estudiado el THC o tetrahidrocannabinol, por ser considerado el principio activo que a nivel físico tiene cierta afinidad con compuestos producidos por nuestro propio cerebro. Por tal afinidad, el consumo de esta sustancia genera una neurotransmisión inversa y difusa en áreas importantes del cerebro humano que propician una cascada en nuestro circuito de recompensa, la cual, estimula la producción de respuestas en un amplio espectro de percepción que van desde lo beneplácito, hasta lo aterrador, dependiendo de la dosis administrada y la calidad del producto que se utiliza. Se trata de una sustancia que altera el cerebro pero su consumo constituye ¿un problema de salud pública o una decisión de política pública o criminal? El presente artículo pretende responder a esta pregunta desde el punto de vista médico y atendiendo a los efectos que la sustancia genera en el cerebro.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
Métricas
Citas
American Cancer Society website. Marijuana and cancer. www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsand-side-effects/complementary-and-alternative-medicine/marijuana-and-cancer.html. Updated March 16, 2017. Aceso 3 de Septiembre, 2018.
Bally N, Zullino D, Aubry JM. Cannabis use and first manic episode. J Affect Disord 2014;165:103.
Beatriz Caiuby Labate; Clancy Cavnar; Thiago Rodrigues. Drug Policies and the Politics of Drugs in the Americas. July 2016. Springer. p. 37.
Bechtold J, Simpson T, White HR, Pardini D. Chronic adolescent marijuana use as a risk factor for physical and mental health problems in young adult men. Psychol Addict Behav 2015;29:552.
Berthiller J, Lee YC, Boffetta P, et al. Marijuana smoking and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the INHANCE consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:1544.
Campbell CI, Bahorik AL, Kline-Simon AH, Satre DD. The role of marijuana use disorder in predicting emergency department and inpatient encounters: A retrospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 178:170.
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville 2017.
Cho CM, Hirsch R, Johnstone S. General and oral health implications of cannabis use. Aust Dent J 2005; 50:70.
Choi NG, DiNitto DM, Marti CN. Marijuana use among adults: Initiation, return to use, and continued use versus quitting over a one-year follow-up period. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 182:19.
Comunicado de Prensa 42, Legalización de la Marihuana, Encuesta telefónica nacional, Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro, 03 de octubre de 2016, CESOP.
Crane NA, Schuster RM, Fusar-Poli P, Gonzalez R. Effects of cannabis on neurocognitive functioning: recent advances, neurodevelopmental influences, and sex differences. Neuropsychol Rev 2013; 23:117.
Curran HV, Freeman TP, Mokrysz C, et al., Keep off the grass? Cannabis, cognition and addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016;17:293.
Declaración del Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, Director General de la OMS 10 de diciembre de 2017: tomado de http://www.who.int/dg/es/
Degenhardt L, Coffey C, Romaniuk H, et al., The persistence of the association between adolescent cannabis use and common mental disorders into young adulthood. Addiction 2013; 108: 124.
Degenhardt L, Dierker L, Chiu WT, et al., Evaluating the drug use “gateway” theory using cross-national data: consistency and associations of the order of initiation of drug use among participants in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 108:84.
Degenhardt L, Ferrari AJ, Calabria B, et al., The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76635. Du Plessis SS, Agarwal A, Syriac A. Marijuana, phytocannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system, and male fertility. J Assist Reprod Genet 2015; 32:1575.
Encuesta Nacional de Consumo de Drogas, Alcohol y Tabaco, ENCODAT 2016-2017. Reporte de Drogas.
Eugenio Paniagua, ¿Qué es un problema de salud pública? Marzo de 2013. P:3. Degenhardt L, Ferrari AJ, Calabria B, et al., The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76635.
Fife TD, Moawad H, Moschonas C, Shepard K, Hammond N. Clinical perspectives on medical marijuana (cannabis) for neurologic disorders. Neurol Clin Pract. 2015; 5(4):344-351.
Franco, Álvaro. El componente de salud pública en los programas de la Facultad Nacional de Salud Pública. Universidad de Antioquia; 17 de enero de 2007.
García García, Emilio (1999). “Derechos humanos y calidad de vida” Derechos humanos. La condición humana en la sociedad tecnológica. Tecnos, Madrid, pp. 131-163.
Gates P, Jaffe A, Copeland J. Cannabis smoking and respiratory health: consideration of the literature. Respirology 2014; 19:655.
Gibbs M, Winsper C, Marwaha S, et al., Cannabis use and mania symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2015; 171:39.
Gundersen TD, Jørgensen N, Andersson AM, et al., Association Between Use of Marijuana and Male Reproductive Hormones and Semen Quality: A Study Among 1, 215 Healthy Young Men. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 182:473.
Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, et al. Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:897.
Hézode C, Roudot-Thoraval F, Nguyen S, et al., Daily cannabis smoking as a risk factor for progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2005; 42:63.
Hézode C, Zafrani ES, Roudot-Thoraval F, et al., Daily cannabis use: a novel risk factor of steatosis severity in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2008; 134:432.
Hill AJ, Hill TDM, Whalley BJ. The development of cannabinoid based therapiesfor epilepsy. In: Murillo-Rodriguez E,Onaivi ES, Darmani NA, Wagner E, eds. Endocannabinoids: molecular, pharmacological, behavioral and clinical features. Sharjah, United Arab Emirates: Bentham Science, 2013.
Huang YH, Zhang ZF, Tashkin DP, et al., An epidemiologic review of marijuana and cancer: an update. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2015; 24:15.
Isaac Campos. Home Grown: Marijuana and the Origins of Mexico’s War on Drugs. Univ of North Carolina. April 2012. Press.
Lev-Ran S, Roerecke M, Le Foll B, et al., The association between cannabis use and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychol Med 2014; 44:797.
Lindsey WT, Stewart D, Childress D. Drug interactions between common illicit drugs and prescription therapies. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2012; 38:334.
Maa E, Figi P. The case for medical marijuana in epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55:783-6.
Mehra R, Moore BA, Crothers K, et al., The association between marijuana smoking and lung cancer: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166:1359.
Melchior M, Bolze C, Fombonne E, et al., Early cannabis initiation and educational attainment: is the association causal? Data from the French TEMPO study. Int J Epidemiol 2017; 46:1641.
Metz TD, Allshouse AA, Hogue CJ, et al., Maternal marijuana use, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and neonatal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 217:478.e1.
Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE, Mittleman MA. An exploratory prospective study of marijuana use and mortality following acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J 2008; 155:465.
Nader DA, Sanchez ZM. Effects of regular cannabis use on neurocognition, brain structure, and function: a systematic review of findings in adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2018; 44:4.
Pacher P, Steffens S, Haskó G, et al., Cardiovascular effects of marijuana and synthetic cannabinoids: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Nat Rev Cardiol 2018; 15:151.
Ravi D, Ghasemiesfe M, Korenstein D, et al., Associations Between Marijuana Use and Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med 2018; 168:187.
Rumalla K, Reddy AY, Mittal MK. Recreational marijuana use and acute ischemic stroke: A population- based analysis of hospitalized patients in the United States. J Neurol Sci 2016; 364:191.
Schoeler T, Monk A, Sami MB, et al., Continued versus discontinued cannabis use in patients with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:215.
Schreck B, Wagneur N, Caillet P, et al., Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome: Review of the literature and of cases reported to the French addictovigilance network. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 182:27.
Schulte MH, Cousijn J, den Uyl TE, et al., Recovery of neurocognitive functions following sustained abstinence after substance dependence and implications for treatment. Clin Psychol Rev 2014; 34:531.
Scott JC, Slomiak ST, Jones JD, et al., Association of Cannabis With Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2018; 75:585.
Siegel, Ronald K. Intoxication: The universal drive for mind-altering substances. Vermont: Park Street Press. 2005.
Starzer MS, Nordentoft M, Carsten H. Rates and predictors of conversion to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder following substance- induced psychosis. Am J Psychiatry 2018.
Stout SM, Cimino NM. Exogenous cannabinoids as substrates, inhibitors, and inducers of human drug metabolizing enzymes: a systematic review. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:86.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, World Drug Report 2018, Vienna 2018.
Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Kirillova GP, et al., Common liability to addiction and “gateway hypothesis”: theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123 Suppl 1:S3.
Vanyukov MM, Tarter RE, Kirillova GP, et al., Common liability to addiction and “gateway hypothesis”: theoretical, empirical and evolutionary perspective. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 123 Suppl 1:S3.
Volkow ND, Swanson JM, Evins AE, et al., Effects of Cannabis Use on Human Behavior, Including Cognition, Motivation, and Psychosis: A Review. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:292.