¿Qué significa la “intención de destruir” en el delito de genocidio?
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El genocidio es un delito con un elemento subjetivo doble: una intención general referida a las conductas típicas y una intención ulterior que se refiere al fin último de destrucción del grupo (infra 1.). La jurisprudencia dominante interpreta el requisito de la “intención de destruir al grupo” como una intención especial o específica (dolus specialis) poniendo el énfasis en su tendencia volitiva o basada en el propósito (“purpose-based approach”) (2.1.). Aunque, durante mucho tiempo, esta interpretación ha sido aceptada sin grandes disensiones, recientemente ha sido cuestionada a partir de enfoques basados en el conocimiento y en la estructura (“knowledge and structure-based approaches”) (2.2.), que no han sido objeto de suficiente estudio. Una interpretación histórica, literal, sistemática y teleológica del requisito de la “intención de destruir”, teniendo en cuenta la particular estructura del delito de genocidio y el significado de la “intención” en Derecho comparado, revela que la interpretación tradicional no se sostiene. En su lugar, debería ser reemplazada por un enfoque combinado basado en la estructura y en el conocimiento que permita diferenciar los casos según el estatus y la conducta de los sujetos activos (distinguiendo así, entre aquellos de rango inferior, intermedio y superior) (2.3.). Como consecuencia, el enfoque basado en el propósito sólo debería emplearse para los responsables de nivel superior o intermedio, mientras para los de nivel inferior bastaría con el conocimiento del contexto genocida. Aunque este enfoque no modifica de forma sustancial los tradicionales problemas de prueba, sí los mitiga en el caso de los responsables del nivel inferior (2.4.). Finalmente, este nuevo planteamiento exige una nueva perspectiva en la interpretación del requisito de la “intención de destruir” en casos de participación en genocidio (3.)
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